The German Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg, established by Pope Pius VII on August 16, 1821, was renamed the Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart on January 18, 1978 under Pope Paul VI. The following men have served as Bishop of the diocese:
| Johann Baptist von Keller | January 28, 1828 - October 17, 1845 |
| Josef von Lipp | June 14, 1847 - May 3, 1869 |
| Karl Joseph von Hefele | June 17, 1869 - June 5, 1893 |
| Wilhelm von Reiser | June 5, 1893 - May 11, 1898 |
| Franz Xaver von Linsenmann | July 20, 1898 - September 21, 1898 |
| Paul Wilhelm Keppler | November 11, 1898 - July 16, 1926 |
| Johannes Baptista Sproll | March 29, 1927 - March 4, 1949 |
| Carl Joseph Leiprecht | July 4, 1949 - June 4, 1974 |
| Georg Moser | March 12, 1975 - May 9, 1988 |
| Walter Kasper | April 17, 1989 - May 31, 1999 |
| Gebhard Fürst | July 7, 2000 - incumbent |